Meandering Through Time
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The de Tosny Family - Alice de Tosny

26/4/2018

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The Norman family of Tosny - pronounced Tony appear only briefly in England's history, as a family they were all gone (in name at least) by the beginning of the 14th century. Their lands, as was the norm, can be found forming part of the estates of other medieval lords who married Tosny daughters and heiresses. This family's descent is complicated and confusing partly because the direct male line was either named Roger or Ralph also there were two, maybe three men with the same name living at the same time!
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Tosny coat of arms (the maunch gules or a red sleeve)
My ancestral line ends with Godehode de Tosny who received one manor on her marriage, that of Brinkley in Cambridgeshire, to William Mohun. This manor was held in 1086 by Judith of Lens and passed to Godehode through her mother Adalize the daughter of Waltheof the Anglo-Saxon Earl of Northumbria and the aforementioned Judith, the niece of William the Conqueror.
Godehode's brother was one of the many Ralph de Tosny, he died in 1157. Alice de Tosny, who is the subject of this blog today was Ralph's descendant, she was born on the 26th April in 1284.
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Castle at Conches-en-Ouche Normandy. Part of the orginal estates of the Tosny family in the 10th century
We will, of course, never know the real Alice, we can only guess how she managed her life and coped with what it threw at her. What we do know is that Alice and women like her were not as subservient as history has lead us to believe. These women had influence, control and power and many were not afraid to use it, however, throughout history, women's lives have been viewed by the gender-based functions they performed - that is a wife, a mother, a widow and sometimes an heiress. Alice de Tosny was all of these things, she fits perfectly into this view of a medieval woman.

Firstly, we see Alice as an heiress, she was a high ranking English noblewoman who lived during the reign of Edward I. At the beginning of the 14th century, Alice was wealthy in her own right, she had received the Tosny estates when her brother Robert died in 1309 without issue. This inheritance, as we have seen, had its roots at the beginning of the 12th century with the marriage of Adalize, one of two heiresses and daughters of the Earl of Northumberland and his Norman wife Judith of Lens, to Ralph de Tosny.
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Medieval Childbirth
Alice was a wife three times and a widow twice. Her first husband was Thomas Leybourne who had died in 1307 with whom she had a daughter Juliana (she too would become an heiress - the manor of Leybourne in Kent passed to Juliana on the death of her paternal grandfather William Leybourne in 1310.) Alice continued to hold her Tosny lands herself but on her marriage to Guy de Beauchamp the Earl of Warwick, it became part of the Beauchamp estate. With Beauchamp Alice had seven children and after his death in 1315 she married her third husband William de la Zouche with whom she had two children.

​In totally Alice was the mother of ten children.
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Guy Beauchamp 10th Earl of Warwick
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Thomas Beauchamp 11th Earl of Warwick
The majority of the Tosny lands and manors passed to her eldest son Thomas de Beauchamp, the 11th Earl of Warwick on Alice's death in 1325.

Eventually and for hardly any time at all, Alice's inheritance ended as it had begun, held by heiresses - Isabel and Anne Neville, the daughters of Anne Beauchamp the wife of Richard Neville. What happened to it after that is a story for another day.

A second set of sisters, Isabel and Elizabeth, the daughters of Alice and Guy de Beauchamp, received two of the Tosny manors that of Whittlesford and Brinkley.

The subject of the heiress has not been covered fully enough. More often than not the heiress is usually talked about as part of her family where the main focus of attention are the eldest sons and their children. If she is discussed at it is what she brought to the family she married into.
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Naturally, there are no visual representations of Alice, however you can see the Tosny coat of arms (the maunch gules or a red sleeve) quartered in that of Guy de Beauchamp's.
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St Aelfheath

19/4/2018

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Sometimes when you read about events in history you have to wonder whether the tale that is told is true or has to be taken with a pinch of salt. The story of the martyrdom of Aelfheah, the 11th-century Archbishop of Canterbury and the link with the murder of Thomas Becket is one of them.
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In 1170 Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury was murdered as he prayed before the alter Canterbury Cathedral. The story goes that it was to St Aelfheah that his prayer was directed before he was hacked to death by four rebellious knights. For this to be true Becket had to be praying aloud, and maybe he was, but it's a bit too much of a coincidence for me - you see Aelfheah was murdered in the exact same way as poor Becket just 158 years before by a band of marauding Vikings.

Like Becket, Aelfheah is considered a saint and a martyr, he is usually portrayed in art with an axe. The images we see of Becket's death and Aelfheah's are similar, both are in prayer and behind them are their armed murders ready to pounce.

We all know Thomas Becket's story, but what was Aelfheah's?

Aelfheah was a West Country hermit and later a monk who was Prior at Glastonbury Abbey - he liked to build new churches and liked music, when played a church organ he commissioned could be heard over a mile away. He became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1006 - strangely, he had arrived at his new position with the head of St Swithun neatly packed in his bag! - What's that all about?

Aelfheah had been Archbishop in Canterbury for five years when in 1011 the Vikings arrived, they ransacked the town, took Aelfeah prisoner and demanded money with menaces. Aelfeah was held captive for seven months. Despite the willingness of the people of Canterbury to dig deep into the pockets to pay the ransom Aelfheah, in true martyr fashion, told them to keep it. On the 19th April in 1012 Aelfheah was bashed over the head by an axe-wielding Norseman and according to a chronicler of the time
​                                    ‘his holy blood fell on the ground and his holy soul was sent forth to God’s kingdom’.
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Aelfheah's body was originally buried in the church of St Pauls in London but in 1023 reinterred in Canterbury to rest along side St Swithun's head. 
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Execution of Thomas Wyatt

9/4/2018

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I often wonder what I would do in a given situation in history, for instance, would I have followed Richard Duke of York against Henry VI? At Henry VIII's separation with Rome would I have stuck with the old religion or taken up the new Protestant one? Nobody knows what they would have done, and I suppose it all depends on who your family were, what positions they held and how they thought the turning of fortunes wheel might affect them.

My 15th century West Country ancestor was a fervent heretic hunter, yet his Catholic son, considered ‘suspect and weak and followed only those noblemen who are dangerous in the county’ conformed to the teachings of the Protestant church. I have to assumes that, if I was with my ancestor at this time I might to have joined him in capturing those men who were not of the same faith as me or maybe I would have been willing to join a rebellion that was taking place in the first few months of the reign of Queen Mary that was known as Wyatt's Rebellion.
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For leading a rebellion against the crown Thomas Wyatt mounted the scaffold on the 11th April in 1554 and was executed for treason. 

The proposed marriage of the newly crowned Queen Mary to Philip of Spain and the fear that many people had that England would once again turn towards the old religion was at the root of Wyatt's rebellion. He had previously been imprisoned for his support of Lady Jane Grey’s claim to the throne but he had managed to escape the executioner's axe. Wyatt's new plan was to remove Mary from the throne and replace her with her Elizabeth, who would then marry Edward Courtenay. Courtenay was never a proven rebel but he was however embroiled in the plot. Peter Carew, a West Country gentleman did take part as did Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk. Many others joined Wyatt but no one seemed to notice that the vast majority of the populace had taken to Mary as their queen.

On entering London Wyatt's rebels were outnumbered by the queen's forces and Wyatt was captured.

While in the tower Wyatt named Edward Courtenay as the instigator of the rebellion and begged Courtenay to admit to it. By implication, Courtenay and Princess Elizabeth were suspected of being involved and they too were imprisoned, when no evidence was found they were both released and Courtenay fled the country but Wyatt was sent to trial at Westminster Hall on 15th March.
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Following his trial Thomas Wyatt was beheaded at Tower Hill, his body quartered and his bowels and genitals burned. Wyatt's demise was gruesome but the treatment of his remains even more so, his head and body parts were then taken and parboiled and were later displayed for all to see, his head however disappeared.

What of the fate of Carew and the Duke of Suffolk? Carew, like Courteney, escaped abroad he was captured and imprisoned but later released on payment of his debts to the crown. The Duke of Suffolk also escaped but was found on his estate in Warwickshire, where he was betrayed by his gamekeeper.



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Execution of Dick Turpin

7/4/2018

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John Nevison was a notorious highwayman who had been convicted of horse theft and highway robbery. He went to his death in 1684 following his conviction for murder.

Nevison was rogue who had a reputation as a 'gentleman highwayman' a veritable Robin Hood who it was said 'never used violence against his victims, who was always polite and robbed only the wealthy.' He was an ex-military man from a wealthy family who fell on hard times following the death of his father. Everyone knew about Nevison at the time, even King Charles II had heard of him.
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In 1676 Nevison was tried on a charge of armed robbery that took place in Kent. Evidence was heard at his trial that he was in York at eight o'clock on the evening of the murder and therefore it was impossible for him to have been in Kent that morning and it was agreed that it was impossible to cover over two hundred miles in one day and therefore Nevison was acquitted.
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This ride from Kent to York was later used the embellish the story of another highwayman - does it ring any bells?
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John Nevison's name has faded into obscurity, his life story is similar to that of many men who resorted to highway robbery to earn a living, however certain aspects of his life have been attributed to a man who few knew of at the time, but whose story would become stuff legends are made of.
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Dick Turpin was a violent troublemaker in Essex, a horse rustler, a sheep stealer in Lincolnshire whose past finally caught up with him. Turpin was sentenced to death by hanging and executed on the 7th April in 1739. It is said that he paid for professional mourners to follow him up the scaffold where he put on a great show for the large crowd.
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Reality and storytelling came together in 1834 in the book Rookwood, where the author, either by mistake or design, merges the gentleman highwayman that was Nevison with the violent show off that was Turpin and added his own twist to the tale in the form of Turpin's horse Black Bess who he said to have died on exhaustion following Turpin's ride from London to York to establish an alibi.
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Both these men lived a life of crime and were punished for it, but I cannot help feeling sorry for Nevison, the life he chose seems to have been born out of necessity whereas Tupin's, in his later crimes anyway, out of greed and profit.
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Maud of Lancaster

4/4/2018

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Maud of Lancaster was one of two sisters who were co-heiress of Henry of Grosmont the Duke of Lancaster and Earl of Leicester. Maud was born on the 4th April in 1339, to Grosmont's wife Isabel de Beaumont at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire. ​
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Bolingbroke Castle is now in ruins, but it was once a fine castle situated in what is known as the Lincolnshire Wolds. It was built by Ranulf Blondeville, Earl of Chester in 1220 however by the sixteenth century it had fallen into disrepair. On Blondeville's death the castle passed to his sister Hawise, eventually, via the de Lacy family it ended up as part of the estate of Thomas of Lancaster. Lancaster was executed for treason in 1322 and his estate for forfeited. A year later, Henry of Grosmont successfully petitioned to take possession of his brother's estates which included Bolingbroke.
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Maud's sister Blanche was also born at Bolingbroke.

Maud was Grosmont's eldest daughter, her paternal grandparents were Henry of Lancaster and Maud de Charworth and her maternal grandparents were Henry Beaumont and Alice de Comyn. Both sets of grandparent held land in Lincolnshire and Leicestershire. Her Beaumont grandparent's Lincolnshire estates were granted as a result of their association with the royal family. Edward II granted them a number of manor including Folkingham, Goady and Barton upon Humber.

On Grosmont's death in 1361, Maud and Blanche became wealthy heiresses, however the Earldom of Leicester passed to Maud's first husband and then on his death in 1389 to her sister Blanche's husband John of Gaunt, who was granted the Dukedom of Lancaster as a second creation. 

On Maud's death on the 10th April 1362 Gaunt received her money and her lands to add to that of his wife share of the family estate. The Grosmont inheritance formed the foundations on which the Lancastrian's built their dynasty.
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There is no image of Maud, however she may  have resembled her sister. You can see an illustration of Blanche - pictured here with John of Gaunt. 
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WHERE'S MY CASTLE?

3/4/2018

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​Right, I am directly descended from the Fitzalan family - our ancestry can be traced to the reign of Henry I. The Fitzalans were feudal barons of Oswestry in Shropshire in 1080, John FitzAlan inherited Arundel Castle in 1243 and the FitzAlan family held this castle in an uninterrupted hereditary line until 1580. 
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I am also directly descended from Henry de Beaumont who was with the Conqueror in 1068, and placed in charge of Warwick Castle.

The Beaumont family held the castle until 1242.

My Fitzalan line takes me as far as John Fitzalan whose brother was executed for his part in the Lords Appellant, a plot to rid Richard II of his favourties.

Anyway, let's get around to the point of today's post which is a study of surnames and social mobility in England between 1170–2012. Evidently, if your ancestors descend from the upper classes in England at the time of the Battle of Hastings you are more likely to be upper-class today. Also in another study by the University of California and the London School of Economics, it was found that social status in England is strongly inherited. So what happened to me then?

Either these studies are

A) Not correct. Since I can prove a direct family link to the first image, which is Arundel Castle and to the second, which is Warwick Castle why am I living in a normal everyday house in a pretty English village

B) Is correct. Then something has gone horribly wrong !!!


Either way, I expect to receive my inheritance very shortly.
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The Royal Air Force

1/4/2018

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The countries Royal Air Force is 100 years old today, it was founded in 1918 and for over twenty years it was a big part of my life.
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Most of us will remember the Royal Air Force for the bravery of its members during the Battle of Britain when they defended our country against the German air force and scuppered their attempted invasion of Britain and in the present time their sorties during the Iran/Iraq and Gulf Wars.
My father was a member of the RAF for twenty-five years, the squadron he was part of flew planes such as the Argosy, the Phantom and later the Tornado and his last posting was to the home of the 617 Squadron, famous for the Dambuster raids during WW2, so I got a look inside one of the last remaining Lancaster Bombers and on the odd occasion sit in the cockpit of a jet fighter.

Being a child in an air force family had its ups and downs. My dad, for instance, was sent on a couple of unaccompanied tours abroad which meant that there was trouble in the country to which he was posted, and therefore it was deemed too dangerous for us to go with him - he spent three years by himself in the Middle East while we lived in Cornwall with my grandparents.
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Families were never in the same place for long, you had friends but often their fathers were sent to a different base than you. The longest a family spent on a base was three years, but you could be moved pretty quickly, for instance, I spent my last year of primary education in three different counties, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Cambridgeshire. One base I particularly remember was RAF Syerston in Nottinghamshire because I remember my brother and I, at the age of seven and five, walking to school on our own (I didn't let my own children out of my sight at that age!) ​
Unknown to me at the time was that RAF Syerston's neighbouring village is East Stoke and the base is situated right next to Stoke Field, where, in 1487, a Yorkist army made their last stand against the new Tudor regime - you can see how close I lived from the image above - how exciting is that? As I said I was just seven, but to think that my little feet walked those fields all those years ago and I didn't know anything about Henry Tudor or the Wars of the Roses.
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On the whole being part of the Royal Air Force was a positive experience for me, it made me self-reliant and able to adapt to a new situation pretty quickly, on the funny side I have never been able to dispose of boxes or paper bags, a result of packing and unpacking my belongs no doubt. However, it was not always a good experience for my dad, some of the things he had to deal with were not very nice.
Apart from being interested in history anyway, I often wonder if being part of a big military family is why I am so interested in that sort of thing now.
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If you click on the link below you can read about Operation Grapple one of my father's first experience in the Royal Air Force.

            meanderingthroughtime.weebly.com/history-blog/operation-grapplethe-dropping-of-britains-first-h-bomb

​
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    After ten years in the workplace I became a mother to three very beautiful daughters, I was fortunate enough to have been able to stay at home and spend my time with them as they grew into the young women they are now. I am still in the position of being able to be at home and pursue all the interests I have previously mentioned. We live in a beautiful Victorian spa town with wooded walks for the dog, lovely shops and a host of lovely people, what more could I ask for.

    All works © Andrea Povey 2014. Please do not reproduce without the expressed written consent of Andrea Povey.

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