Meandering Through Time
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Beard or no beard, that is the question.

19/11/2014

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Pogonotrophy is the act of growing and grooming facial hair, today it is not an issue, but in the past facial hair was, on one hand, a sign of virility, yet on the other, a sign of rebellion against the church and as we shall see, by Tudor times, a beard brought in much needed revenue. ​
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In this Greek battle scene some men have beards and some do not.
In Greek society, a man with a beard was considered wise and knowledgeable, Alexander the Great however, thought differently, he forced the men of his armies to shave, for he feared that an enemy could use the beard to their advantage thinking that they would grab at it during hand to hand combat and thus be victorious. ​
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In 1447, during the reign of Henry VI, it was forbidden to wear a moustache, very few men shaved their beard leaving just a moustache, as in this confusing image from Shakespeare's Henry VI where the Yorkists mock the body of Sir John Clifford. It was a requirement that the upper lip be shaved every two weeks.  Henry's reasoning behind this goes unmentioned.  ​
In the reign of Henry VIII, there are a number of incidents regarding beards that are written of. The first is said to have occurred before the Field of the Cloth of Gold when the French king, Francis I, expressed a wish for the event to take place in 1519, but Henry did not.  To prove he had every intention of attending, Henry wrote to Francis saying that he would not shave until the event took place. In a letter drafted in the August of that year, Cardinal Wolsey wrote:
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"As a proof of the King's desire, he had resolved to wear his beard till the said meeting. To requite this token of his affection, Francis "laid his hand on his beard, and said surely he would never put if off till he had seen him" 

Another tale also refers to the French king, who had his head shaved after he received a head injury, it seems that Henry was so envious of the respect shown by the French courtiers who kept their hair short while the king recovered, that he ordered his court to follow suit. Later in Henry's reign, despite having a beard himself he introduced a tax on beards, and like Henry VI and the moustache tax, there is no mention of why. Lastly, Thomas More, the friend and confidant of Henry said at his execution: 

"My beard has not been guilty of treason. It were an injustice to punish it."

It was not only the noble and the common Tudor man who suffered as a result of having a beard, lawyers suffered too, these learned men were not allowed into chambers if they had a beard, and they would have had to pay twelve pence extra for a meal at lunchtime.

Incidentally, a beard in Tudor times was anything over a fortnight's growth. 



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I wonder, did Henry pay his tax bill?
Queen Elizabeth too had a thing about beards and continued in the taxation of them just as her father did, but the beard soon came back into fashion and the tax was dropped. You do have to  wonder if this had anything to do with her favourite, Sir Robert Dudley, sporting rather a cute little one? ​
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Russian Tsar, Peter I also disliked beards, he ordered his nobles to be clean shaven, he was known to personally shave a 
courtiers beard, and just like our monarchs taxed his courtiers a hundred 
rubles each year a beard was worn. But if they persisted he forced these men to wear about their necks a medal that said:

 "beards are a ridiculous ornament." ​
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As we have previously seen with Alexander the Great, the pulling of beards seem to have been frowned upon in  England too. Complaints were brought of unfair beard pulling in street fights, and as a result if you were caught you 
were fined of two shillings.

For our men today it is a matter of choice to wear a beard, but do bear the following in mind if you don't have one. Charles Darwin considered that the beard played its part in the role of sexual selection suggesting that there is evidence that a greater number of women find men with beards more attractive than men without.
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The King is dead, Long live the King: Crowning an English Monarch.

17/11/2014

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Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, Queen Elizabeth II of England was crowned at Westminster Abbey. On the 2nd June 1953 the coronation took place but the twenty five years old Elizabeth ascended the throne upon the death of her father King George VI who had died on February 6th 1952.
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The coronation ceremony is performed by the Archbishop of Canterbury who is the most senior cleric in the Church of England. This ancient ceremony has remained largely unchanged for a thousand years. The sovereign is presented to, and acclaimed by the people then swears an oath to uphold the law and the Church. The monarch is anointed with oil and then crowned.  The timing of the coronation has varied throughout British history, William The Conqueror was crowned on the day he became king the 25 December 1066, and most of his successors were crowned within days or weeks after ascending to the throne whilst Elizabeth II's coronation was a year after the death of the late king. A monarch, however, accedes to the throne the moment their predecessor dies not when they are crowned and this is why we hear this saying "The King is dead. Long live the King." History has seen some monarchs not crowned at all due to circumstances occurring during the time between accession and coronation. Edward V and Lady Jane Grey were both deposed before they could be crowned, in 1483 and 1553 respectively. Edward VIII also went uncrowned, as he abdicated in 1936.
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The chair on which every King or Queen sits during the coronation is known as King Edwards Chair and except for three kings every monarch since the coronation of Edward II has been crowned on this chair. Edward I had commissioned a court painter to decorate the chair, you cannot see in this picture but there is a figure of a king, either Edward the Confessor or Edward I his feet resting on a lion painted on the back. Only traces of this original paintwork survive and the chair has been damaged with graffiti by visitors and boys from the Westminster school carving their names in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

​In the early sixteenth century four gilt lions were added at the base of the chair but the present ones were placed there in 1727. Under the chair was a red sandstone stone that Edward I had brought back with him from his battles with the Scots. Edward, known as the Hammer of the Scots, was determined to bring Scotland under English control, he invaded Scotland in 1296 taking the town of Berwick and crushing Scottish forces at Dunbar. On his return to England, he brought back the above mentioned stone. Known as the Stone of Scone it was the Scottish coronation stone that had been used for centuries in the coronation of the Kings of Scotland. In November 1996 the Stone was returned to the Scottish people and it is now on exhibition at Edinburgh Castle, but will be used for the coronation of our future monarch
s.
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‪Richard III‬: Charles Lamb and George Fredrick Cooke.

16/11/2014

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George Fredrick Cooke was a nineteenth-century English actor who in 1801 portrayed Richard III in the London theatre.
Of Cooke's performance, theatregoers were said to have come away with the idea that Richard III was 


'a very wicked man, and kills little children in their beds, with something like the pleasure which the giants
and ogres in children’s books are represented to have taken in that practice'
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Charles Lamb, a noted English essayist and writer thought much on this point, eventually writing in his 1811 essay "On the Tragedies of Shakespeare Considered with Reference to their Fitness for Stage Representation" the following.

"Do we feel anything like disgust, as we do at that butcher-like representation of him that passes for him on the stage? A horror at his crimes blends with the effect which we feel, but how is it qualified, how is it carried off, by the rich intellect which he displays, his resources, his wit, his buoyant spirits, his vast knowledge and insight into characters, the poetry of his
part—not an atom of all which is made perceivable in Mr. C.’s way of acting it. Nothing but his crimes, his actions, is visible; they are prominent and staring; the murderer stands out, but where is the lofty genius, the man of vast capacity,
the profound, the witty the accomplished Richard?"


I like to take from Lamb's writings some sort of support for the real Richard III, the Richard III I have come to know, but it is more than likely that Lamb writes in defense of Shakespeare's plays themselves for he argues that Shakespeare should be 'read, rather than performed, in order to protect Shakespeare from butchering by mass commercial performances.' 

Is he right?
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Oh Ancient Yew Tree, Ten Ages Has thou Stood

12/11/2014

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 “In almost every church yard throughout the kingdom, about the most ancient castles and mansions these trees were formerly planted, not only for their ornament, but for the great use which in those early days our countrymen made of them ; since the bows of yew can be traced as far back as the time of Julius Caesar. Of it the old English yeoman made his long bow; which he boasted nobody but an Englishman could bend."  A Compendium of Modern Husbandry 
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A fine example of a Yew can be found in Crowhurst in Sussex, a small, isolated village, which is just five miles north west of its more famous neighbour, Hastings. Within the grounds of its parish church stands what is known as the Crowhurst Yew. One look at it and you are plunged back to prehistoric times, for it is certainly old.  Four thousand years its ancient roots have clung to the soil one source claims but this, of course, has to be taken with a pinch of salt. However, it can be dated to 1630, that's four hundred years and this time there is solid evidence to prove it. In 1820, the local inhabitants of Crowhurst, for reason only known to themselves, hollowed out the trunk and a door was attached, it was probably then this evidence, a canon ball, was found. It was already partially overgrown with fresh wood and can be dated from the civil war of 1643, the farm opposite the church was held by Royalists and as such may have been a target for Cromwell’s troops. The canon ball was left in situ in the hollow trunk but was stolen by a Canadian soldier during the Second World War, it has since been returned. In 1630 the yew's girth was measured and found to be 30 feet and in 1955 33 feet 9 inches. In 2000 a cut was made that reduced the girth, this was done to remove a live branch that had cracked at the base.

Almost every churchyard throughout the kingdom, as my opening line states, had a Yew tree, in its Christian context the Yew is a symbol of resurrection but further back in time it was a symbol of regeneration. Our Celtic history saw our ancestors worship such trees, making offerings to them because these trees were the home of spirits or divinities who had power over life. 

The yew it seems, can regrow long after our ancestors turned it into beams built into their houses and, like the Crowhurst Yew,
after it stood the ravages of civil war.

What of this wondrous old Yew now?

It seems that much of it is
 dead or in a delicate state but what remains is complex and beautiful, but what stories it could tell if only it could speak. 



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Ambrose Rookwoode

7/11/2014

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On the 31st January 1606, Thomas Wintour and Robert Keyes were drawn from the Tower to the Old Palace Yard at Westminster, Guy Fawkes was brought to the scaffold too, but he was made to watch as his fellow plotters were hanged and quartered. Twenty-eight year old Ambrose Rookwood was another of the Gunpowder Plotters who also went to the gallows that day. 
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Rookwoode had spent over two months in the Tower of London, and below you can see a carving by an Ambrose Rookwoode in the wall of the Martin Tower. There were, in fact, two men known by the name of Ambrose Rookwoode - the above named Rookwoode and his great-grandson, a Jacobite soldier who was tried for treason and executed at Tyburn on 29 April 1696, ninety years after his namesake. However, it is not quite clear which Rookwoode was responsible for the carving, or which one of them was held in this tower. The fact that Henry Percy was held in the same tower adds weight to it being Rookwoode senior. Incidentally, for his part in the Gunpowder Plot, Henry Percy spent the following seventeen years incarcerated there. 
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Rookwood, ‘well-built and handsome, if somewhat short’, 'genial', ‘well-lettered’, and ‘very secret.’ was a member of an ancient family of Stanningfield in Suffolk who were wealthy and staunchly Catholic. His wife, Elizabeth Tyrwhitt's family were also a prominent Catholic family from Lincolnshire.

By the end of 1605, according to his confession, Rookwoode was approached by Catesby, Winter and Wright, he stated that he hadn't known the reason for supplying the men with gunpowder at a house in Lambeth. This may be true, Catesby, as the ring leader, was a determined man and also charming and it maybe that Rookwoode was easily persuaded.

After the capture of Fawkes, Rookwoode was among the men fighting of the kings forces at Holbeche House in Staffordshire, he was shot in the right arm and his face burnt, he was captured and taken to London and 'questioned at great length.' During his trial, he stated that he was led astray by Catesby and pleaded not guilty. Labeled a traitor, he was destined for a traitors death, four days after his trial he was drawn to his death. Rookwoode asked to be taken past his home where his dutiful wife Elizabeth was waiting at the window, he is said to have shouted 'Pray for me, pray for me!'

Rookwoode met his death on the gallows at Westminster Yard, even though he showed remorse, he was left to hang for longer than the others, a small mercy perhaps - he would be dead before they disemboweled him!
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Gunpowder, Treason and Plot.

5/11/2014

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Apart from Guy Fawkes, do you know the names of the eight Gun Powder Plotters? Not many people do, but it's Fawkes who is synonymous with the events of 1605. Fawkes was a mercenary, a hit man, brought in to do a job and if wasn't for a letter, no one knows who sent it, we would never have heard of him.

​Instead, Fawkes has come to represent anarchy and is the byword for the overthrow of the government.

​Today, as a nation, we celebrate the discovery of the plot with fireworks and a bonfire and in days gone by with an effigy of a 'Guy' placed on top. This ritual continues as unpleasant entertainment which is representative of the barbaric practices of our ancestors.
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On the 26th October 1605 William Parker, Lord Monteagle received a letter from an anonymous source warning him not to attend parliament when it resumed in the next few days. The letter, with reference to the government stated
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   My lord, out of the love I bear to some of your friends, I have a care of your preservation, therefore 
I would advise you as you tender your life to devise some excuse to shift your attendance at this 
parliament, for God and man have concurred to punish the wickedness of this time, and think not 
slightly of this advertisement, but retire yourself into your country, where you may expect the event 
in safety, for though there be no appearance of any stir, yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow 
this parliament and yet they shall not see who hurts them, this counsel is not to be condemned 
because it may do you good and can do you no harm, for the danger is past as soon as you have 
burnt the letter and I hope God will give you the grace to make good use of it, to whose holy 
protection I commend you

Transcript of Letter to Lord Monteagle
26 October 1605

​Monteagle left his home and passed this letter to the secretary of state Robert Cecil, who in searching the cellars under the Palace of Westminster found evidence of the truth of the letter in the form of thirty-six barrels of gunpowder and hiding among the barrels was one Guy Fawkes.

By the end of the sixteenth century, many followers of the Catholic faith had faced persecution but had looked forward to a brighter future when King James I took the throne of England. James had promised that there would be greater tolerance and true to his word, after his coronation in 1603, he kept his promise, and restrictions on Catholicism were lifted. Almost immediately after the changes took place the king had pressure placed on him by many of the Protestant faith and he soon performed a U-turn
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Angered by this, a group of men, headed by Robert Catesby, a descendant of Sir William Catesby, royal councilor and loyal friend of Richard III, plotted to blow up parliament and the king. These eight men rented a cellar below the Palace of Westminster and filled it with gunpowder, ready for the state opening of parliament on the fifth. They had previously approached Guy Fawkes who was "a man highly skilled in matters of war" and therefore an 'expert' with explosives.' The plotter's plan ran smoothly, but they knew nothing of what has come to be known as the Monteagle Letter, it was this small note that was their undoing. Fawkes was arrested and through torture gave the names of his fellow conspirators. These men's whereabouts were discovered, two of the men had fled, and one gave himself up but the rest, including Catesby, stood their ground against the king's forces at Holbeche House in Staffordshire. The trial of eight of the plotters began on 27 January 1606. Four days later, Fawkes, Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood, and Robert Keyes were drawn from the Tower to the Old Palace Yard at Westminster where Fawkes watched as his fellow plotters were then hung and quartered. Despite what is usually thought Guy Fawkes did not receive the same fate, before they were able to tie the noose around his neck, Fawkes managed to jump from the gallows and broke his neck in the fall. His body was quartered and distributed to

 'the four corners of the kingdom' to be placed on display.
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What would have happened if this plan had come to fruition? Would there have been, as we have seen in times past, an under-aged king on the throne and a protector appointed or would there have been a civil war with the followers of the Protestant and Catholic religions fighting it out on the battlefield?
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Who is this monster? And what is his name?

2/11/2014

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Standing seven feet tall and with a wingspan of fifteen feet, this sculpture by Robert Stubley stands in the village of Sneinton in Nottinghamshire...........What do you think it represents? 
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You will be forgiven if, like me, you thought it was representative of an ancient folk tale or that it stands on the site where a medieval knight met a mighty dragon. This beast does not represent a battle between good and evil, but something far more frighting than that, this was a 'monster' of our own making that caused suffering and death to many many people.

In 1914, Robert Mellor a local historian, wrote a series of articles about Nottingham and its surrounding areas, these were published in his work Old Nottingham Suburbs: Then and Now, and of the 'dragon' of Sneinton Mellor wrote: 

Who is this monster? And what is his name?

 "For more than half a century there has existed in certain parts of Nottingham a monster who has devoured in the first year of their lives a large number of infants, and, what is worse, probably an equal number who have survived have dragged out a pitiable existence in weakness, small in stature, deformed, or anaemic, with diseases, lack of energy, unable to maintain themselves, and therefore dependent on others or the public charge; and, worse still, some have had a natural tendency to vice or crime."

His name is Slum.
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1914 Map of Sneinton
There have been people living in Sneinton from as far back as the Norman Conquests, and up to the arrival of the Industrial Revolution they lived quiet, relatively happy lives as they looked down from the hill on which the village stands and were able to watch the flow of the Trent, Nottingham's mighty river, however times were changing. The major landowner in this area at the time was Charles Pierrepont, 1st Earl Manvers, who held land not only in Nottinghamshire but in a number of other English counties, and whose wealth was earned from this land and the properties within it, but as England work force moved from working within agriculture into local factories, the family were forced to sell much of their estates, and consequently the land in and around Sneinton was developed to build housing for Nottingham's factory workers. 
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Nottingham's Slum Housing
Within a few years, these properties that ranged from tiny back to back and terraced housing, fell into disrepair and the once green agricultural landscape was now crowded with cramped tenements that were plagued by sickness and poverty, and it is now we can read of the poorest of Sneinton's inhabitants living exactly as Robert Mellor described in his book.

It was not until the 1930's that we see that life in Sneinton go full circle with its slum demolished and the land cleared and redevelopment taking place, but the village Mellor wrote of has not forgotten. The Renewal Trust, a local group whose aims are community regeneration, asked the residents of Sneinton what piece of public art they would like to represent their area and it was this dragon they chose.
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    After ten years in the workplace I became a mother to three very beautiful daughters, I was fortunate enough to have been able to stay at home and spend my time with them as they grew into the young women they are now. I am still in the position of being able to be at home and pursue all the interests I have previously mentioned. We live in a beautiful Victorian spa town with wooded walks for the dog, lovely shops and a host of lovely people, what more could I ask for.

    All works © Andrea Povey 2014. Please do not reproduce without the expressed written consent of Andrea Povey.

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