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Lincoln Cathedral in 1092

7/5/2018

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I have always held and am prepared against all evidence to maintain that the cathedral of Lincoln is out and the most precious piece of architecture in the British Isles and roughly speaking worth any two other cathedrals we have.-- John Ruskin
In the late spring of 1092, after twenty years of building work, Bishop of Lincoln Remigius de Fecamp's cathedral was completed. ​
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Remigius de Fecamp was a Benedictine monk who held the position of almoner at Fecamp Abbey in Normandy. He is said to have been a supporter of the conqueror's invasion of England contributing a ship and twenty knights to William's cause, his name appears on a document that listed vessels used in the invasion. 
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There are many facts that allude to Remigius's early life but no real evidence, however there is a suggestion that he had family connections with the Lincolnshire D'aincourt's whose main residence was Blankney, a village to the south of the city and who held over fifteen manors in the county at this time.  An epitaph on a plaque found in the grave of William D'aincourt hints that he was a kinsman of one Remi or Remigius and this is used to justify a connection with no other evidence to back it up, however it is possible that Remigius granted some of the thirteen manors in Lincolnshire to William's father Walter D'aincourt to add to those he held in four other counties.
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Bishop Remigius, as he would later be known, had some association with the old Saxon church that now lies under Lincoln Cathedral's foundations, exactly what this was in not known. When this old church was demolished those who once worshiped there were granted the right to hold services in the Morning Chapel of the Cathedral, that is dedicated to St Mary Magdalene. Interestingly this ancient tradition continues today. On Patronal Festival Day those worshiping in the present day St Mary Magdalene walk from the church, across the courtyard, and through the west door of the Cathedral to hold Festival Evensong in the Morning Chapel. 

Henry of Huntingdon described Remigius as 'short but great-hearted and very charming' and William of Malmesbury implied that he was a dwarf. However, what he lacked in height he made up for in achievements. ​​

In 1067 Remigius was given the post as Bishop of Dorchester on Thames that was once the capital of Wessex until it was displaced by Winchester. It was the first to become vacant after the conquest - taking up this position would make Remigius the first Norman to be appointed to an English ecclesiastical post. 

In the mid 11th century Lincoln was the largest diocese in England and in 1073 Remigius received papal approval to take up his position in the city, and as we have seen his authority and influence may have already preceded him. He was a powerful man, controlling Dorchester as mentioned, Leicester and Lindsey, also included in his portfolio were a number of monasteries, the most wealthy being Ely and Peterborough.  ​
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The year 1072 Remigius began work on the construction of Lincoln's Cathedral. The plans of the cathedral are based partly on the design of the Cathedral at Rouen and the Church of St Etienne and it took twenty years to complete. The date set for the consecration was planned for the second week in May 1092, both the 9th and the 11th are said to have been the exact day. According to William of Malmesbury, the astrological horoscope of Robert Bloet, who succeeded Remigius as Bishop of Lincoln, predicted that his predecessor would die prior to the cathedral's consecration, strangely Remigius de Fecamp did indeed pass away as predicted, just under a week before its consecration,​ on the 7th May in 1092.

Remigius was buried in his cathedral at Lincoln, probably under the Nave, his grave is not marked. 
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You can see Remigius's tower in the centre in the west front of the Cathedral
What of Bishop Remigius's cathedral today?  There is very little remains of what he would have seen from his deathbed. However, Remigius's tower forms part of the west front of the Cathedral that stands magnificently on what is called Lincoln Edge.
For a time Lincoln Cathedral would be the tallest building in the world, today is the third largest English Cathedral and a splendid example of Gothic architecture.










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Edgar Aetheling Proclaimed King

15/10/2017

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​After his victory at the Hasting William the Conqueror headed for London. He left behind, among the dead, the mutilated body of the defeated English king Harold Godwinson.
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​The following day, the 15th October 1066 as the mighty conqueror's army made their way to the capital, Edgar Aetheling, one of three claimants to English throne was proclaimed king. Aetheling had the support of both the Ealdred, Archbishop of York, Stigand Archbishop of Canterbury and the Earls of Northumbria Edwin and Morcar.
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​If Edgar Aetheling could take on the Norman army, his future, as king, would be secured.

However, as the noise of the approaching Norman army headed their way Edgar's cause was abandoned and the men, who initially supported him, began frantically feathering their own nests.
​
Edgar Aetheling was taken as a captive to Normandy from where he escaped. By 1068 he was in the Scottish court of King Malcolm III, who was his sister's husband. However, by 1097 Edgar was leading an English invasion against Scotland.
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Eighteen years later it was reported by William of Malmesbury that Aetheling was still alive in 1125 Malmesbury wrote
​‘he now grows old in the country in privacy and quiet.’
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Battle of Fulford

19/9/2017

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20th of September 1066
​Harold Godwinson's succession to the throne of England was confirmed by the Witan, Edward the Confessors council, and following this the crown of England passed from the third great-grandson of King Alfred to the son of a Saxon thegn, seemingly without any trouble at all! However, as the crown was placed on Harold's head, others who considered that it was their rightful place to sit on the throne of England were preparing to stake their claim.
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​​In the 10th century Aelfric of Eynsham had written of Saxon kingship:

                  “No man can make himself king, but the people have the choice to choose as king whom they please; but 
         after he is consecrated as king, he then has dominion over the people, and they cannot shake his yoke off their necks”


Harold was king, but Edgar Aethling, Harald Hardrada, and William of Normandy had every intention of holding that title themselves.
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​Edgar Aethling’s claim was by descent from Alfred the Great, having Ethelred the Unready as his great grandfather. He had the support of both the Archbishop of York and Stigand, who had taken over from the ousted Robert of Jumieges as Archbishop of Canterbury, plus the Earls Edwin and Morcar, but his cause was abandoned when the Norman conqueror arrived in the capital. Norway’s king, Harald Hardrada’s claim was by way of a promise made by the younger of king Canute's son Hardicnut. William of Normandy's claim was based on promises too and he would invoke Edward the Confessors's promise, and a promise made by King Harold himself.

The law of succession followed the laws of primogeniture. However, in the 11th century, after the death of a king with no heir, the Witan had the right to choose the king from among the royal family. Edward had made his choice known to the Witan and all had agreed, therefore Harold’s claim to the throne was valid, but this made no difference when rule by the right of conquest was just as lawful.
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So, on hearing the news that England's crown had been placed on Harold Godwinson's head, the first of these claimants' made plans for an invasion. Hardrada's force, consisting of about 300 longships and a total of about six thousand men, were joined by his new ally, the vengeful and treacherous Tostig Godwinson. Hardrada landed in the Humber Estuary on the 18th September and met the northern forces of Edwin and Morcar on a marshy area at the River Ouse near the village of Fulford. The Norwegian army defeated the Saxon army on the 20th September 1066 at what is known as the Battle of Fulford.

​At Fulford England's northern army sustained substantial losses, and together with the Battle of Stamford Bridge just six days later, despite that being an English victory, resulted in a depleted and weakened English army who faced the third and ultimately successful claimant to the throne - William the Conqueror.
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William the Conqueror

14/10/2016

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Villain or Hero
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William the Conqueror has been described as ruthless, a hard man, a ferocious warrior, harsh ruler, driving administrator and man of vigorous principles. He was also said to have had a fearsome temper and the will power that enabled him to strengthened Edward the Confessor's legal system and create a feudal society in England. The years 1085 to 1086 he
ordered England's first census, this we know as the Domesday Book, so called because it was likened to the Day of Judgement, where there was no appeal against what it contained. The new king also saw to it that much of our countries land was given to Norman barons and when the Saxon resisted he put them down with relentless severity. Villain or hero, what do you think?

​Here to get you started are two opposing views on the king.

Edward Augustus Freeman 19th century English historiane to edit.
"As far as mortal men can guide the course of things when he is gone, the course of our national history since William's
has been the result of William's character and of William's acts. Well may we restore to him the surname that men gave
    him in his own day. He may worthily take his place as William the Great alongside of Alexander, Constantine, and Charles."
Thomas Paine 18th century English author and political activist
"A French bastard landing with an armed banditti and establishing himself King of England against the consent of the
natives is, in plain terms, a very paltry rascally original. The antiquity of the English monarchy will not bear looking at."
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Death of William Rufus

2/8/2016

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With the arrival of William the Conqueror, many of England's forests were used by the Norman kings for hunting and hawking. The New Forest in Hampshire was one of these. Today, the New Forest is one of the largest remaining areas of open pasture land, heath and forest, and in the 12th century most of England would have looked something like this.
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It was on the 2nd of August in 1100 that William Rufus, the Conqueror's second son, died whilst hunting, murdered, it has been suggested by Walter Tirel on the orders of William's younger brother the future Henry I. However the Anglo Saxon Chronicle states that the king was slain by one of his own men. Another theory is that he was killed on the order of Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury.​
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There are lots of interesting theories as to who ended the life of the king, and there are even more fascinating reasons why it was done, all have one thing in common though, that is William Rufus was an angry, over confident and nasty man who history deems got what he deserved. ​
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As a child I was told by my grandfather that it was an ancestor of ours who found William Rufus on the floor of the forest. Intrigued, I searched among books to see if this was true, and indeed my grandfathers tale has a basis in fact for, legend has
it, that a man did come across the dead king and took him to Winchester in his cart, his name was Purkis. 

My family story may or may not be true, however my grandfathers surname was Purches, and his grandfather's family are all Hampshire born and their surname of Purches is derived from the surname Purkis.
Maybe it's a true story after all.   

William Rufus remains lie in Winchester Cathedral.
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Battle of Northam

26/6/2016

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Soon after Hastings William the Conqueror was quick to realise the importance of securing the West Country, the first step in achieving this was to take Exeter, the fourth largest city in the country.  ​
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Exeter was still controlled by the Godwin family. Harold’s son had fled to Ireland but his mother, Gytha, who still lived within the city walls, held out against the Norman forces during William’s return to Normandy, however on his return to England he made the city his first port of call. Exeter’s city walls withstood an eighteen month winter siege, many of the Norman soldiers succumbed to the cold, eventually though Exeter fell and Gytha escaped with her granddaughters to island of Flatholme in the Bristol Channel. There is no mention of Harold's son’s at the Siege of Exeter and it may well be that they were already in Ireland. 

Gytha’s stand at Exeter in 1068 wasn’t the last effort by the Godwin's to take back some control of their father's country. Inevitably though, Devon would submit to Norman control, but before that Harold’s sons would give the invaders a run for their money. ​
On the 26th June 1069, in the lush green fields that look over the Taw estuary, Godwine and Edmund landed with an invading force in what could actually be a rematch of the Battle of Hastings. New evidence has recently come to light that this battle took place in the fields that lie in between the villages of Northam and Appledore. The Godwin’s forces arrived from Ireland on board sixty four longs ships given to them by the Irish king of Leinster.  The defending army was made up of Normans, Breton's and English headed by Brian of Brittany who had fought with the Conqueror at Hasting. Following the battle it is thought that a total more than 3,000 men died in this clash. Brian of Brittany was rewarded with  lands in Cornwall, however the fates of the sons Harold is not known.

​
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Plymouth 1066 - 1440

15/6/2016

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Plymouth sits at the head of the estuary where the Rivers Plym and Tamar meet, and as the second largest city 
in the south-west its history has been influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring.
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Once called Tamerworth by the Saxons and listed as Sudtone in the Domesday Book, compared to its neighboring manor Plympton which was made up of forty-seven households, it was a very small settlement, having only seven households. In 1066 the manor was held by Edward the Confessor and by 1086 it had continued to be a royal manor held by the Conqueror himself. By 1135 the town was in the hands of the Vallatort family, who in turn granted a portion of it to the
Augustinian Priory at  Plympton. Seventy-six years later, in a pipe roll dated 1211, we see Plymouth being mentioned
for the first time as 'Ply Mouth' in reference to it geographical location.
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The part of the town that had been given to the priory at Plympton was granted a charter in 1253 giving it the right to
hold a market. The following hundred and fifty years saw Plymouth grow in size and a licence to crenellate was granted to
'the King's lieges lately dwelling at Plymouth' in 1404. Although a large town, and hemmed in by its new wall, it was still
under the control of the Priors of Plympton Abbey. Objecting to this, the towns people petitioned the king applying for self governing status but nothing came of it. However, on the 12th November 1439, Parliament passed an Act making 
Plymouth a borough, it was the first time that Parliament had granted such powers. The following year Henry VI
issued another royal charter that granted the town permission to hold fairs and feasts along with its market.

This charter was celebrated with a change of name and since that day Devon's county town has been known as Plymouth.






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Waltheof, Earl of Huntingdon and Northhampton.

31/5/2016

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Following the Harrowing of the North, William the Conqueror set his sights on East Anglia, where men like Waltheof and Hereward the Wake were resisting Norman forces, eventually though, Waltheof accepted Norman authority and was rewarded for this with an advantageous marriage to the Conqueror's niece, Judith of Lens.
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In the bottom left of my photograph taken at Crowland Abbey in Lincolnshire, you can see a representation of Waltheof.
Five years later, Waltheof was suspected of being involved in what has come to be known as the Revolt of the Earls.

Historians differ over what exactly his involvement was, the Anglo Saxon Chronicle state that he one of its ringleaders, while Orderic Vitalis and William of Malmesbury suggest that he knew of the revolt but had sworn an oath to keep quiet. It was inevitable though, that news of Waltheof's actions would come to the Conquerors attentions, and when it did Waltheof confessed his guilt to the conqueror in person.

Ignoring the Earl's words, William the Conqueror ordered that he be tried, he was found guilty and sentenced to death.

​Following a year in prison Waltheof was executed on the 31st May 1076 at St. Giles's Hill, near Winchester. His decapitated body was thrown in a ditch, however it was later recovered and buried in the chapter house of Crowland Abbey where it lay, untouched, for sixteen years until in 1092.
​

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That year a fire in the chapter house forced Ingulph, Abbot of Crowland, to have Waltheof’s body moved elsewhere. On
​opening the coffin it was said that the Earl's corpse was found to be intact, his severed head re-joined to the trunk.
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1066: Bits and Bobs with William the Conqueror

28/9/2015

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1066, the 27th of September
​

At last the wind has shifted, William the Conqueror's invasion force set sail for England.
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1066, the 28th of September

William the Conqueror lands at Pevensey Bay this day in 1066.
As he sets foot on the beach he stumbles and falls, a collective gasp is heard, the Conqueror, knowing that his men believe this is a bad omen he shouts

“See I already have England in my hands.”

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Battle of Stamford Bridge

20/6/2015

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25th September 1066
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The 25th of September is the anniversary of a fierce battle that was to play an important part in shaping our country, not Hastings, which was less than a month later, but the Battle of Stamford Bridge in the County of Yorkshire. 

Five days before the battle, Harald Hardrada, King of Norway and his English ally Tostig Godwinson, who was angry because he had not been given the Earldom of Northumbria the previous year, sailed up the Ouse with over ten thousand men and lead his force to a victory against the Saxon army at Fulford.

Only four days after hearing of the invasion, Harold Godwinson marched the hundred and eighty miles to east Yorkshire and surprised the invaders at Stamford Bridge. Previous the the onset of the battle, Harold had tried to persuade his brother to return and fight for his cause, promising him the Earldom of Northumbria, but Tostig was not interested, as he felt sure that the invaders were in a strong position. 
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But Tostig was wrong, Hardrada's mighty army was separated by the River Derwent, the majority of his men were on the east side and a smaller group on the west, the same side of the Derwent as the English. Later the English advance party had attacked and defeated the smaller Viking army and those who were left began to flee across the bridge. According to legend, when Harold's army did arrive they were confronted by a large axe wielding viking who held the English army at bay single handedly, cutting down over forty men with a couple of swipes his axe. ​
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The English retaliated with their 'hero of the day' a lone soldier in a boat, who with one thrust of his trusty spear wounded the Norseman enough to let the English pass. Eventually, the defending English army had succeeded in defeating Hardrada's men. Hardrada himself was killed by a arrow in his windpipe and Tostig cut down with a sword. The kings force followed and killed most of the fleeing army, some men drowning in the river but many cut down as they ran. 

It is said the the areas on which they fell was still white with bleached bones fifty years after the battle. 

William the Conqueror landed at Hastings on the 14th of the following month with over seven thousand men, King Harold arrived with his force of up to thirteen thousand men, many of them weary from the battle and all of them weary from the march south.

A question then? If King Harold had not fought the Scandinavians at Fulford and Stamford Bridge and then not had to march his army over two hundred miles south would he have succeeded at Hastings?

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    After ten years in the workplace I became a mother to three very beautiful daughters, I was fortunate enough to have been able to stay at home and spend my time with them as they grew into the young women they are now. I am still in the position of being able to be at home and pursue all the interests I have previously mentioned. We live in a beautiful Victorian spa town with wooded walks for the dog, lovely shops and a host of lovely people, what more could I ask for.

    All works © Andrea Povey 2014. Please do not reproduce without the expressed written consent of Andrea Povey.

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