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 The Burial of George Duke of Clarence: A Sad End to a Sorry Tale

31/5/2015

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Three of the four sons of Richard Duke of York and Cecily Neville died a gruesome death.  Two died at the hands of their enemies, one tucked up in his bed and one, George, by the hand of an executioner.
 
The Duke of Clarence did not make life easy for anyone, least of all himself, he was self centered, treacherous, a turn coat and eventually a groveler when he realised that his previous actions were going to cost him his life. Clarence's execution took place in private, on the 18th February 1478. It is commonly thought that he went to a death of his own choosing, probably beheading, but those who believe that remains of a body, with the head intact, that lies at Tewkesbury Abbey is Clarence would disagree on that point I think. The most famous tale of his death however, is by drowning in a barrel of red wine. 

 
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Illustration by kind permission of Alice Povey from The Children's Book of Richard III by Rosalind Adam
Just like the death's of the sons of York, their burials too have caused a bit of a stir. We know that Edmund's remains lie in the family vault at Fotheringhay, Edward is buried at St George's Chapel, Windsor and Richard is newly interred at the Cathedral Church of St Martin's in Leicester, but what of George's mortal remains? 
​
It is a particular set of remains that lie in the vault of Tewkesbury Abbey that are said to belong to George and his wife Isabel Neville. The Duke of Clarence received the manor of Tewkesbury when he married Isabel. In 1439 it had passed down through the Beauchamp family and then had passed to the Nevilles from Anne, Countess of Warwick. On Georges death, it passed to his son, but eventually it was returned to the countess and partially held by her until her death in 1490 when it was made over to the crown. ​
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The vault, that lies behind the high alter within Gloucestershire's Tewkesbury Abbey, has been opened at least eight times since 1478. The vault into which Clarence was placed was first opened in 1477 for the burial of Isabel and then again for the burial of Clarence the following year.  Records show that it was opened again three times between 1709 and 1753 to place the remains of Alderman Hawling and his family, after which it was said to have remained closed for over seventy years. At the beginning of the new century the vault was entered once more and two skulls and assorted bones were found. An article written about this opening states:   

"between the burial of George of Clarence and Alderman Hawling there had been the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Henry VIII had every intention of stripping the Abbey of everything of value and then leaving it to fall into decay. This was averted when the townspeople bought the abbey from the crown.  However, before the purchase Henry's henchmen would have stripped out anything of value and the vault had been ransacked. It was at this point that the coffins of George and Isabel, especially if the were decorated with gold or silver plates or handles, could have been opened and the bodies removed." ​
In 1829 the vault was opened again, this time to remove the bodies of the Hawlings family to a new place of burial. The bones, assumed to be those of George and Isabel, were then deposited in a stone coffin. Thirty years later Tewkesbury suffered a flood and parts of the abbey were damaged, this maybe the reason, when the stone coffin was opened, it was full of water. In 1830 records show that a glass case was made, but there is no mention of the remains of Clarence ever being placed in it. 

Poor "false, fleeting, perjur'd Clarence's" remains would lie undisturbed for the next one hundred and fifty years. At some point the bones, taken to be that of Clarence and Isabel, were removed for examination and 'cleaning.' What was found were:

'Two separate partial skeletons in poor condition. The male skeleton consisted of most of the leg and hip bone, the upper left arm, left shoulder and upper part of the skull. The man had what amounted to mild arthritic changes and a degree of cranial closure consistent with the late middle age 40 - 60 years.  His height was approximately 5ft 3ins. The female remains consisted of almost the entire legs minus the feet, hips, upper and half of the lower right arm and the upper skull. Examination found advanced localised osteoarthritis and a degree of suture obliteration of the skull which suggests an age between 50 - 70 years. The height was approximately 5ft 4ins.'

The examined remains were replaced with the glass case.



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Photograph + two above by Karen Ladniuk
The glass case, as you can see is attached to the wall, presenting unidentified remains like this just adds weight to a false claim and reminds me of the old advertising slogan "It does exactly what it says on the tin" which is basically saying look no further. The case of the so called remains of Princes in the Tower is a very good example of this. Look how magnificent that engraved container is, we've been insisting they are the remains of the sons of Edward IV since 1674. 

All human remains within the vault are known to have been thrown about by Henry VIII's lackeys probably in an effort to destroy any Plantagenet relics or they were unceremoniously scattered when the vault was searched for anything of value. 

We know that Clarence held the manor of Tewkesbury on his death, so there is little doubt that both his and Isabel's remains both lie in the Abbey, but I would say that the remains you see in the glass box are not those of George Duke of Clarence and Isabel Neville. The chances of correctly collecting  two whole skeletons is slim to say the least. If the boxed dis-articulated remains are not of the Duke of Clarence then perhaps the remains that were exhumed from the Tower of London and taken to lie in Tewkesbury Abbey might be, but that's just speculation, it has never been proved that either set of remains belong the Clarence.

What is left of George Duke of Clarence is destined to spend eternity as his brother King Richard III had one done, lost too us.

 It is a sad end to a sorry affair 

​

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Duke of Clarence Memorial Plaque at Tewkesbury Abby 2019
More on the Duke of Clarence and 'remains' of the Princes in the Tower can be found on another of my blogs

meanderingthroughtime.weebly.com/wars-of-the-roses-blog/1487-the-trial-and-execution-of-george-duke-of-clarence​

http://meanderingthroughtime.weebly.com/blog/1674-the-remains-of-the-princes-in-the-tower

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Famous Retorts: Samuel Foote.

29/5/2015

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John Montague, fourth Earl of Sandwich gave his name to the Sandwich Islands, and (allegedly) to the 'sandwich' as a
​result of his reluctance to leave the gaming tables but requiring a quick and easy snack to munch on. 
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In a famous exchange with actor Samuel Foote, John Montagu, declared,

"Foote, I have often wondered what catastrophe would bring you to your end; but I think, that you must either die of the pox,
or the halter."


"My lord", replied Foote instantaneously,

"that will depend upon one of two contingencies; whether I embrace your lordship's mistress, or your lordship's principles."
​
This retort is often misattributed to John Wilkes.
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What is in your head when you think about the  Vikings?

26/5/2015

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And what did they do for us?​

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I know I always think of Kirk Douglas in the 1958 film The Vikings or I see them  as warriors, raiding foreign lands in the fur boots and horned helmets. In fact they were a lot more than that, they were the first Europeans to reach America. 
Leif Erikssonson, son of Erik the Red, who had been exiled from Iceland, landed on the coast of America around four hundred before Columbus. ​
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http://meanderingthroughtime.weebly.com/history-blog/who-discovered-america

The Vikings were a fearless group of warriors, sailing the oceans in their magnificent Long/Dragon ships.


These vessels were very fast and allowed a quick attack and fast escape, could be recognized by their square sail and the dragons head on the bow which was to protect against the evil spirits of the sea. 

It has been said that without these great ships the Viking Age would never had happened. 
​
The planks on the ships hulls were constructed out of the wood of the oak tree and were held together with string made from wool that had been dipped in tar to prevent leaks. They were made to be able to sail in shallow water, which meant that they could travel up rivers as well as across the sea and these ships could be hauled up on a beach and as previously mentioned enabling the men to be out of the vessel and quickly into the fray.
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No doubt these men were brutal and savage, their name was enough to frighten the people of the lands they were invading. It is in the  Anglo Saxon poem, The Battle of Maldon, that the word Wincing was used to mean a Scandinavian sea raider, giving rise to the word Viking. 

Originally these people farmed and fished and spent much of their time in their own country, it was only in the summer that they ventured across the sea to trade and seek out new lands. However, the year 793 saw the start of the Viking migration from Scandinavia, these men from the north first raided in Britain at Lindisfarne, a small holy island located off the northeast coast of England. Many of the monks were drowned, others killed and the monasteries treasures taken. The following years their raids increased, by 866 they arrived in what they called Jorvik, our city of York, they followed this by attacking hundreds of villages and towns across the whole of the country.

How we perceive the Vikings has much to do with the Victorians, in this era the Norse man was popular, he was much written about, looked at and listened to, men such as  
Sir Walter Scott, William Morris, Edward Elgar and Rudyard Kipling were all Viking enthusiasts.

So what did the Vikings do for us?"
Well, they founded Normandy, therefore you could claim that they invaded us twice!  
​
They gave us the cities of Nottingham, Derby and York.

​They left behind their their language and place names, especially in the north of England.
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Any place name that ends in Thorpe or By means it was once was a Viking settlement and one in thirty three men can claim to be direct descendants from the Norse warriors, that's around 930,000 descendants.

Funnily enough, they never left us those horned helmets, do you know why?

​Because they 
never wore them!








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The Death of Margaret Countess of Salisbury.

23/5/2015

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Bishop Gardiner wrote of the date of the Countesses execution as the 27th of May but Eustace Chapuys wrote of it as the 28th, either way Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, the daughter of George Duke of Clarence and Isabel Neville was taken to her place of death at the end of May in 1541.

By the time of Margaret's execution, three years had passed since her son's Geoffrey and Henry Pole had been arrested on a charge of treason at the beginning of November 1538. It was just over a week later, the 12th November that Cromwell's henchmen came knocking on the Countesse's door.

Probably not tortured, but certainly coerced by the Earl of Southampton and the Bishop of Ely Margaret said nothing, her two interrogators eventually telling Cromwell that they had to conclude that her sons had told her nothing or that she was

                                                         "the most arrant traitress that ever lived" 

Margaret was sent to Cowdray Park, the home of the Earl of Southampton where the abuse at the hands of Cromwell's men continued. It was there in the May that a Bill of Attainder was issued and evidence of 'guilt' was presented in the form of a silk tunic embroidered on the back with the Five Wounds of Christ.  This and other trumped up charges were brought against her, and Margaret was sent to the Tower where she was kept for just under two years. The Countess was not treated well during her incarceration, the conditions were austere and inadequate for woman her age let alone her status, the room was cold and damp and she suffered as a result. 

Margaret heard of her execution only hours before it was due to happen. 

Looking pale and thin, it must have been a distressing sight as she made her way to Tower Green, but her suffering was not over. At the hands of inexperienced executioner a


              ‘wretched and blundering youth who literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces in the most pitiful manner’ 

Margaret Pole, the last true Plantagenet was dead. 

She was sixty eight year old.
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Enduring Love

20/5/2015

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The city of Roermont stands on the bank of the River Roer and on the east bank of the Meuse River in the Netherlands.The cities large cemetery is divided by a brick wall with separates the dead of the Catholic faith from that of the Protestant. 

In the middle of the 19th century a young woman, only known as J.W.C van Gorkum married a colonel in the Dutch Cavalry. The young couple had much going against them, the young woman who was Catholic and the young man was Protestant, she was of nobility he was not. Despite this and probably going against the wishes of almost everyone they knew the couple married and lived together as man and wife for almost forty years until the colonel died. 
​

At her death, eight years later, she wished to be with her husband in death as she was in life and ordered the monument you see below. 
She lies on the Catholic side of the wall, he on the Protestant holding hands over the divide.
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Second Battle of Lincoln

20/5/2015

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20th May 1217

​This year, 2017, marks eight hundred years since the Second Battle of Lincoln was fought. This battle is considered one of the most influential battles in English history. ​​Fighting took place in the areas around Lincoln Castle, its Cathedral and and what is now known as Steep Hill.
My photograph shows the Observatory Tower of Lincoln Castle where I have added a medieval text telling the story of the Second Battle of Lincoln.​ On the medieval illustration you can see a bowman perched high in the observatory tower firing at the retreating army.
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​As you can see both images are both from the same view point, it is quite eerie to think that the illustrator of the medieval image may have stood on the exact same spot that I took the photo from 798 later. The Battle took place when Lincoln was taken by the forces of Louis VIII of France. The castle itself was held by soldiers who were loyal to Henry III.
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The garrison, loyal to King Henry take up arms.
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Lincoln Castle garrison stand to defend this important fortification from forces loyal to Prince Louis, led by the Count of Perche
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Meanwhile, William Marshal proceeded to the section of the city walls nearest the castle, at the north gate. The entire force of Marshal's crossbowmen led by the nobleman Falkes de Breaute assaulted and won the gate. Perche's forces did not respond, but continued the castle siege. The north gate was secured by Marshal's main force, while Breaute's crossbowmen took up high positions on the rooftops of houses. Volleys of bolts from this high ground caused rapid death, damage and confusion among Perche's forces. Then, in the final blow, Marshal committed his knights and footsoldiers in a charge against Perche's siege
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After six hours Perche was offered a surrender, but instead fought to the death as the siege collapsed into a scattered rout. Those of Louis' army who were not captured fled Lincoln out the south city gate, to London.
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The River Gannel Cave Carving. 

19/5/2015

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 The Tale of a Love Lost

The River Gannel in Cornwall, separates the two parishes of Newquay and Crantock. It is a tidal river and as the sea rushes out of the estuary it is a very dangerous place to be. At low tide when the sea is far out, a rock carving can be found in a dark cave, it is physical proof of how dangerous the sea can be.
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The carving features the face of a woman along with the following lines.

Mar not my face but let me be, Secure in this lone cave by the sea, 
Let the wild waves around me roar, 
Kissing my lips for evermore

I wonder who this tragic beauty was and what was her story? 
The legend dates the tale to the early part of the twentieth century.

In the story, a young woman was riding her horse along Crantock Beach. Unaware of the danger of the tide creeping in around her she gallops at full speed across the golden sands, soon she and her horse were cut off and swept away, both were drowned. It is said that it was her distraught lover carved the poem along with her image into the rock.
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The carvings is said to be the work of a local man named Joseph Prater, it could be that Joseph was the lover who is responsible for the carving, but nobody really knows. When I look at the carving I am reminded of the females in many of Jane Austen's books, the woman may be wearing a bonnet similar to one in the famous painting of Jane herself.
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There are three Joseph Praters born in this area at this time.

 
1820   Crantock  Joseph PRATER  to  Francis  and  Elizabeth
      1822     Cubert     Joseph PRATER  to Samuel  and  Elizabeth
1860   Cubert   Joseph PRATER to  Nathaniel  and  Susan


A quick look at the census for Cornwall I find only two 

NAME:        Joseph  Prater  Age:  15
BIRTH:      abt  1826  Cornwall, 
RESIDENCE:   1841  Crantock,  Cornwall

NAME:      Joseph  Prater:  AGE: 12
 BIRTH:    abt 1859 Cubert, Cornwall
RESIDENCE:    1871 - Cubert, Cornwall


I can find only one marriage:

1846 Colan Joseph PRATER to Mary MARK

There are no other references.

So who was this Joseph Prater?
​
Was it his love who was taken by the cruel tides or was he just a young man fascinated with the story?

Over the years much of the image has been worn away by the sea, but the story still fascinates those who come
across the carving. With this in mind the local county council have recently paid for the inscription
​to be re carved  in the rock.






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The Man who Killed Richard III: Who Dealt the Fatal Blow at Bosworth?' by Susan Fern.

19/5/2015

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‪The app 'A Year Ago Today' keeps popping up on my private Facebook timeline, evidently this is what was going on my page that day.

I wrote:

I am dead proud of myself.......A new book is out about King Richard III and with my photograph on the cover.

 Its the nearest I will ever get to having anything to do with the Richard in print. 

#Blowingmyowntrumpt
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"A new book by Amberley Publishing, 'The Man who Killed Richard III: Who Dealt the Fatal Blow at Bosworth?' by Susan Fern.

On 22 August 1485, on a battlefield in Bosworth, Leicestershire, King Richard III was dealt a death blow by the man who had sworn loyalty to him only a few months earlier. He was Rhys ap Thomas, a Welsh lord, master of Carew Castle in Pembrokeshire. For his service that day he was knighted on the field of battle by Henry Tudor. With the discovery of Richard's skeleton, it is now possible to answer this question of who dealt the fatal blow to this iconic English king. Richard III's wounds bear a striking resemblance to the contemporary poem which describes how he died and names Rhys ap Thomas as the man who dealt the fatal blow.

Rhys ap Thomas’s life had been inextricably linked with both Richard and Henry; all three young men grew under the shadow of the Wars of the Roses, suffering losses and betrayals. Ironically on his death Rhys chose to spend his final days at the Grey Friars in Carmarthen, being buried by the monks as Richard had been almost forty years before, perhaps in an act of remorse. This is the story of the man who helped forge the course of British history."

Here is my original image



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Execution of Anne Boleyn

19/5/2015

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19th May 1536

On the 19th May 1536, Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII was beheaded within the walls of the Tower of London. ​
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A bright, intelligent woman whose strong opinions were partly the cause of her downfall, the failure to produce a male heir another but probably the real reason was the fracturing of the court regarding religion, shameful reasons to end someones life, but the common man had his head placed in the noose for less. 

Executions were part of everyday life in Tudor times, beheading was a dignified and honourable means of execution, as opposed to hanging which was shameful, maybe it was considered more important to medieval nobility than whether it was humane or not. Beheading was carried out using a sword in Europe, whereas the axe was more commonly used in England. Execution with a sword was performed with one single stroke and generally did a better job. 

This form of execution in Britain was used as far back as Anglo Saxon times, but reintroduced during the reign of William the Conqueror. Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland, had his head  taken off with a sword in 1076, the axe was commonly used at a later date. Hanging was the usual punishment for most crimes but down the centuries beheading was the norm for men convicted of treason along with the brutal punishment of drawing, hanging and quartering. Women were hanged but also burnt at the stake. However, noble women often met their death on the 'block' Lady Jane Grey and Margaret Pole the Countess of Salisbury both ended their days this way. 

Anne Boleyn, as mentioned, date of executions was set for the 19th of May and she was sentenced to death by burning at the stake or beheading. To spare Anne the pain of a potentially messy execution by axe, something he didn't do for his kinswoman Margaret Pole, whose died a terrible death at the hands of an inexperienced executioner, Henry granted a special dispensation, bringing over an expert French swordsman. 

Before Anne died she said

              "a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord."

Anne's grave in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula was unmarked until the 19th century. Today her name is carved into the marble floor. 

In the image is the Martyrdom of St. Margaret of Antioch in which she is executed with a sword.
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Eleanor of Aquitaine

18/5/2015

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Married at the age of thirty to a man ten year her junior, Eleanor of Aquitaine was one of the most powerful and fascinating women in medieval Europe. Eleanor was an independent ruler in her own right since she inherited the huge Duchy of Aquitaine and Poitiers from her father. An intelligent and feisty woman, Eleanor, so history tells us, is said to have to have arrived at the cathedral town of Vezelay dressed like an Amazon galloping through the crowds on a white horse, urging men to join the crusades. She also had every intention to go herself, accompanied by three hundred of her ladies dressed in armour and carrying lances. 

On the 25th July 1137 she married the son of Louis VI of France, and on Christmas Day 1137 was queen of France. 
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During her marriage to Louis VII of France, she gave birth to two daughters, however the birth of their second child was a blow for Louis personally and for his dynasty. What Louis needed was a heir and that meant a son, not a daughter. By 1152 Eleanor's marriage to Louis had come to an end, their marriage was annulled and her vast estates, from River Loire to the Pyrenees came under her control. Three months later, Eleanor married Henry, son of Matilda of England and Geoffrey of Anjou. Two years later Henry became King and Eleanor once again became a queen. For Eleanor, history seemed to repeat itself, within a few years Eleanor was having problems with Henry who was a philanderer and constantly unfaithful. Even though Eleanor was said to have been vocal and argumentative and their relationship somewhat ‘fiery’ Eleanor did manage to give Henry eight children. It seems that she was not too perturbed by Henry's womanising but Henry's affair with Rosamund Clifford was the final straw for Eleanor and their marriage was becoming  ‘terminally strained’.  


By 1173, after twenty years of marriage to Henry, Eleanor had had enough and in a very unusual act for a woman she lead  three of her sons in a rebellion against Henry which surprised even him, but by the end of the same year Henry had regained control and Eleanor was imprisoned. This confinement last fifteen years. Out of her five sons, Richard, was her favourite and when Henry II died in 1189 Richard became king. Whilst the ‘Lionheart’ abandoned his country for his preference of fighting, Eleanor supported him. When he was captured on his way home from the Crusades Eleanor used her influence to raise a ransom.
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These two carvings are said to be of Eleanor and Henry II in the porch of of Candes St Martin.
Not only was Eleanor  a clever and extremely able politician, she was also said to have been beautiful. Her court in France was said to have been known as the Court of Love and Eleanor was a patron of, and encouraged the art of the troubadour which was somewhat strange considering the the act of chivalry stated that women be passive and silent. Eleanor was certainly neither. One story talks of a troubadour named Bernart de Ventadour who was in love with Eleanor. 


The following line from a song was said to have been about her:
“You have been the first among my joys and you shall be the last, so long as there is life in me” ​
Eleanor became unwell for the second time in 1201 but the support of her son John, now king, against King Phillip of France took its toll, and on her return to Fontevraud she became a nun. Eleanor spent the last three years of her life at Fontevraud and it was there, either on the last day of March or the first day of April in 1204. She was buried alongside her husband and son Richard.
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The Tomb of Eleanor and Henry II
We have seen that Eleanor was a strong, intelligent and creative woman, she played an important role which is impressive considering medieval women were considered lesser beings
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    After ten years in the workplace I became a mother to three very beautiful daughters, I was fortunate enough to have been able to stay at home and spend my time with them as they grew into the young women they are now. I am still in the position of being able to be at home and pursue all the interests I have previously mentioned. We live in a beautiful Victorian spa town with wooded walks for the dog, lovely shops and a host of lovely people, what more could I ask for.

    All works © Andrea Povey 2014. Please do not reproduce without the expressed written consent of Andrea Povey.

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