Category: Elizabeth I - Meandering Through Time

Elizabeth I: What did she look like?

16/7/2018

Here are some quotes from visitors to her court that give us some idea.

When she was aged 22.

"Her figure and face are very handsome; she has such an air of dignified majesty that no-one could ever doubt that she is a queen"

When she was aged 24

"Although her face is comely rather than handsome, she is tall and well-formed, with a good skin, although swarthy; she has fine eyes and above all, a beautiful hand with which she makes a display."

When she was aged 32

"Her hair was more reddish than yellow, curled naturally in appearance."

When she was 64

"When anyone speaks of her beauty she says she was never beautiful. Nevertheless, she speaks of her beauty as often as she can."

When she was 65

"Her face is oblong, fair but wrinkled; her eyes small, yet black and pleasant; her nose a little hooked; her teeth black (a fault the English seem to suffer from because of their great use of sugar); she wore false hair and that red."

The Lottery

11/1/2018

I am opposed to gambling, it's my husband who buys our lottery tickets, if we were living in 1567 I may have been quoting the following statement - “A lottery is a taxation upon all the fools in creation, and heaven be praised, it is easily raised, for credulity’s always in fashion.”

However, despite some opposition, on this day in 1567 the counties first state-run lottery tickets were drawn.

Elizabeth's treasury was almost empty and money was needed to pay for the repair of the countries coastal defences. One way she could raise some money was through taxation, however, it was thought that taxation would enrage the masses so another way around the problem would have to be found.

In 1566 the queen wrote to Sir John Spencer (an ancestor of the famous Althorp Spencers) instructing him on how she thought the lottery should be organised. An advertisement was released stating that "A very rich Lotterie generall, without any Blanckes, contayning a great number of prizes..."

Once printed only 10% of the 400,000 tickets printed were sold, each at ten shillings each, prizes such as silver plate, tapestries and a £5,000 jackpot did not boost sales.

Those who did fancy a flutter turned out on the 11th of January 1569 outside Old St Pauls Cathedral to see if their personalised ticket (you had to write your name and a prayer) had won, however, those who did, did not receive their prize until four months later.

Today only one ticket has survived on which was “God send a good lot for my children and me, which have had 20 by one wife truly”.

I wonder what this poor family won?

Death of Robert Dudley

2/9/2017

On the 4th of September, 1588, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, died at his lodge at Cornbury, near Woodstock in Oxfordshire.

He was 56 years old.

Leicester had been suffering from a recurring stomach ailment and was on his way to Buxton in Derbyshire. Leicester was taken ill at Cornbury and it was there he died. Leicester left his wife, Lettice and an illegitimate son,Robert, whose mother was Lady Douglas Sheffield.

Leicester wrote his final letter to Elizabeth I, who he’d been close to since childhood, on 28th August. It was a letter which Elizabeth kept at her bedside for the rest of her life and which she marked “His last letter”

“I most humbly beseech your Majesty to pardon your poor old servant to be thus bold in sending to know how my gracious lady doth, and what ease ofher late pains she finds, being the chiefest thing in this world I do pray for, for her to have good health and long life. For my own poor case, I continue still your medicine and find that (it) amends much better than with any otherthing that hath been given me. Thus hoping to find perfect cure at the bath, with the continuance of my wonted prayer for your Majesty’s most happy preservation, I humbly kiss your foot. From your old lodging at Rycote, this Thursday morning, ready to take on my Journey, by your Majesty’s most faithful and obedient servant,
R Leicester
Even as I had writ thus much, I received Your Majesty’s token by Young Tracey.”

Elizabeth I was devastated by the death of the man she referred to as her “Eyes”, or as “Sweet Robin”. It was reported that she shut herself in her chamber for days and refused to speak to anyone, eventually the room had to be broken into. Leicester was buried in the Beauchamp Chapel of the Collegiate Church of St Mary’s in Warwick, the same place as his son by Lettice.

Religious Executions

14/7/2017

It was pointed out to me on a post of mine on my Facebook page regarding the execution of Protestants under Mary I reign, that as many Catholics were put to death in Elizabeth I reign too.

It is said approximately the same amount of Catholics died when Elizabeth was queen, but the difference is that they took place over her forty four year reign, obviously there were people of note such as Mary Queen of Scots, Anthony Babbington and Robert Devereux.

Mary punished those who were not of the same religion as herself, where as Elizabeth executed those who plotted against her. Many Catholic held important positions throughout Elizabeth's kingdom and if these people were loyal to her and discreet, they were left alone.

I found this among my notes.

The number of executions carried out by Henry VIII range from 57,000 to the 72,000 (so says Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles) this takes into account the mass murder following the Catholic rising known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. In Henry's son Edward VI reign there was the massacre of more than 5,500 Cornish Catholics after the Prayer Book Rebellion.

Mary Queen of Scot's Death Warrant

1/2/2017

A warrant ordering her death of Mary Queen of Scots was signed by Elizabeth I on the 1st February 1587.

Sandor Liezen-Mayer's depicts Elizabeth 's hatred quite brilliantly.

Mary would be executed a week later and despite her famous reaction on finding out her cousin was dead, it is clear from the warrant what Elizabeth's wishes were:

“repaire to our Castle of Fotheringhaye where the said Queene of Scottes is in custodie of our right trustie servant and Counsellor Sir Amyas Poulet Knight, and then taking her into your charge to cause by your commandment execution to be done upon her person”.

Mary, on hearing of her fate, wrote to Henry III of France, the younger brother of her first husband Frances II stating

"Tonight, after dinner, I have been advised of my sentence: I am to be executed like a criminal at eight in the morning. I have not had time to give you a full account of everything that has happened, but if you will listen to my doctor and my other unfortunate servants, you will learn the truth, and how, thanks be to God, I scorn death and vow.... "

Mary Queen of Scots is one of a number of persons in history that I am known to dither about, do I like her or not? My gut feeling however is yes I do.

Below is a copy of the original warrant that disappeared following Mary execution.

More information about this is available on Lambeth Palace website.

www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/content/executionwarrant

Death of Mary Queen of Scots

1/2/2017

Mary, Queen of Scots was executed on the 8th February 1587.

Seven day earlier, William Davison, Elizabeth I's secretary, was asked by the queen to bring Mary's death warrant in order that she could sign it. Elizabeth handed it back to Davison for safe keeping. However, contrary to her order the warrant found its way into the hands of William Cecil. Cecil was quick to act upon Elizabeth's wishes stated within the warrant....

“repaire to our Castle of Fotheringhaye where the said Queene of Scottes is in custodie of our right trustie servant and Counsellor Sir Amyas Poulet Knight, and then taking her into your charge to cause by your commandment execution to be done upon her person”.

It is clear that Elizabeth certainly had some doubts about Mary's execution. Although there is no evidence, it is probable that William Cecil and Francis Walsingham used their positions to influence the Privy Council to convince the queen Mary's death was necessary, and her Parliament to get the warrant approved.

By the 7th February, Elizabeth's representatives had arrived at Fotheringhay Castle, and in the presence of Poulet, Mary was informed that they would proceed with her execution the next morning before eight o'clock.

According to French nobleman Pierre de Bourdeille, who had been with Mary during her imprisonment, the Scottish queen welcomed the news of her demise, stating that she 'longed for an end to her miseries, and had been prepared for death ever since she had been sent as a prisoner to England.' She asked for time to prepare herself, but this was not granted, Mary was told in no uncertain terms

'No, no, Madam you must die, you must die! Be ready between seven and eight in the morning. It cannot be delayed a moment beyond that time.'

Later that evening Mary would write to Henry III of France, the younger brother of her first husband Frances II stating

Tonight, after dinner, I have been advised of my sentence: I am to be executed like a criminal at eight in the morning. I have not had time to give you a full account of everything that has happened, but if you will listen to my doctor and my other unfortunate servants, you will learn the truth, and how, thanks be to God, I scorn death and vow."

As arranged, Mary arrived at the scaffold the next morning accompanied by her ladies in waiting. Mary rejected the offer of a Protestant minister to pray for her soul, but asked that Elizabeth spare her companions. Those who gathered around the scaffold gave an audible gasp as Mary removed her black dress to reveal a red petticoat that symbolised Catholic martyrdom. Mary was dying for her faith, and in doing so she kissed her crucifix and stated

‘Even as Thy arms, O Jesus, were spread here upon the cross, so receive me into Thy arms of mercy and forgive me all my sins.'

Mary knelt, and as a cloth was tied across her eyes she felt for the block and laying her head down she repeated

‘In manus tuas, Domine’ - ‘Into thy hands, Lord’

With more than one stroke of the axe Elizabeth's nemesis was dead.

Mary's executioner is said to have picked up her severed head and, showing it to those present shouted

"God save Queen Elizabeth! May all the enemies of the true Evangel thus perish!'

Despite her famous reaction on finding out her cousin was dead, it is clear from the death warrant what Elizabeth's wishes were. Cecil, Walsingham and Davison, all staunch Protestants, had their reasons to rid of the country of the Catholic heir to the English throne. They knew that Elizabeth's hesitation could prove problematic, and they acted fast. However, Cecil and Walsingham would not feel the wrath of a distraught and guilt racked queen, but Davison would.

Mary was buried in a Protestant service at Peterborough Cathedral, her body would later be exhumed and reinterred in Westminster Abbey. Her crucifix and cover of her prayer book were quickly taken from the scene, no doubt by her loyal ladies for safe keeping, but you can see in the above image that most of Mary's belongings were burnt to prevent them becoming Catholic icons.

The Golden Speech

29/11/2016

On the 30th November 1601, Queen Elizabeth, at the age of sixty-eight gave what has come to be known as The
Farewell Speech or Golden Speech to Parliament.

Mr Speaker,

We have heard your declaration and perceive your care of our estate. I do assure you there is no prince that loves his subjects better, or whose love can countervail our love. There is no jewel, be it of never so rich a price, which I set before this jewel: I mean your love. For I do esteem it more than any treasure or riches; for that we know how to prize, but love and thanks I count invaluable. And, though God hath raised me high, yet this I count the glory of my Crown, that I have reigned with your loves. This makes me that I do not so much rejoice that God hath made me to be a Queen, as to be a Queen over so thankful a people. Therefore I have cause to wish nothing more than to content the subject and that is a duty which I owe. Neither do I desire to live longer days than I may see your prosperity and that is my only desire. And as I am that person still yet, under
God, hath delivered you and so I trust by the almighty power of God that I shall be his instrument to preserve you from every peril, dishonour, shame, tyranny and oppression, partly by means of your intended helps which we take very acceptably because it manifesteth the largeness of your good loves and loyalties unto your sovereign.

Of myself I must say this: I never was any greedy, scraping grasper, nor a strait fast-holding Prince, nor yet a waster. My
heart was never set on any worldly goods. What you bestow on me, I will not hoard it up, but receive it to bestow on you again. Therefore render unto them I beseech you Mr Speaker, such thanks as you imagine my heart yieldeth, but my tongue cannot express. Mr Speaker, I would wish you and the rest to stand up for I shall yet trouble you with longer speech. Mr Speaker, you give me thanks but I doubt me I have greater cause to give you thanks, than you me, and I charge you to thank them of the Lower House from me. For had I not received a knowledge from you, I might have fallen into the lapse of an error, only for
lack of true information.

Since I was Queen, yet did I never put my pen to any grant, but that upon pretext and semblance made unto me, it was both good and beneficial to the subject in general though a private profit to some of my ancient servants, who had deserved well at my hands. But the contrary being found by experience, I am exceedingly beholden to such subjects as would move the same
at first. And I am not so simple to suppose but that there be some of the Lower House whom these grievances never touched.
I think they spake out of zeal to their countries and not out of spleen or malevolent affection as being parties grieved. That my grants should be grievous to my people and oppressions to be privileged under colour of our patents, our kingly dignity shall
not suffer it. Yea, when I heard it, I could give no rest unto my thoughts until I had reformed it. Shall they, think you, escape unpunished that have oppressed you, and have been respectless of their duty and regardless our honour? No, I assure you,
Mr Speaker, were it not more for conscience' sake than for any glory or increase of love that I desire, these errors, troubles, vexations and oppressions done by these varlets and lewd persons not worthy of the name of subjects should not escape without condign punishment. But I perceive they dealt with me like physicians who, ministering a drug, make it more
acceptable by giving it a good aromatical savour, or when they give pills do gild them all over.

I have ever used to set the Last Judgement Day before mine eyes and so to rule as I shall be judged to answer before a higher judge, and now if my kingly bounties have been abused and my grants turned to the hurt of my people contrary to my will and meaning, and if any in authority under me have neglected or perverted what I have committed to them, I hope God will not lay their culps and offenses in my charge. I know the title of a King is a glorious title, but assure yourself that the shining glory of princely authority hath not so dazzled the eyes of our understanding, but that we well know and remember that we also are to yield an account of our actions before the great judge. To be a king and wear a crown is a thing more glorious to them that see
it than it is pleasant to them that bear it. For myself I was never so much enticed with the glorious name of a King or royal authority of a Queen as delighted that God hath made me his instrument to maintain his truth and glory and to defend his kingdom as I said from peril, dishonour, tyranny and oppression. There will never Queen sit in my seat with more zeal to my country, care to my subjects and that will sooner with willingness venture her life for your good and safety than myself. For it is my desire to live nor reign no longer than my life and reign shall be for your good. And though you have had, and may have, many princes more mighty and wise sitting in this seat, yet you never had nor shall have, any that will be more careful and loving.

'For I, oh Lord, what am I, whom practices and perils past should not fear? Or what can I do? That I should speak for any glory, God forbid.' And turning to the Speaker and her councilors she said, 'And I pray to you Mr Comptroller, Mr Secretary and you
of my Council, that before these gentlemen go into their countries, you bring them all to kiss my hand.'

It has been said that those who listened to those words in person never forgot them, copies of Elizabeth's speech were
printed and delivered to all parts of her realm.

Catherine Grey

6/7/2016

This miniature is of Catherine Grey with her son, Edward Seymour.

Catherine was the second daughter of Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk and Lady Frances Brandon, whose mother was a
sister of Henry VIII and whose father was Charles Brandon one of Henry VIII's closest friends. After her elder sister
Lady Jane Grey's execution, according to the Will of Henry VIII, Katherine was third in line to the throne of England and because of this the subject of who she should marry was of great importance.

In 1560 she married, in secret, the nephew of Henry VIII's third wife Jane Seymour and when the queen found out she was furious. She imprisoned the pregnant Catherine and her husband into the Tower of London. Queen Elizabeth had no liking for the Grey family and I've never really known why, they were the children of her cousin and had Tudor blood in their veins surely they were a better option for the throne than that of her 'rival' and cousin Mary Queen of Scots.

At this point in time Elizabeth was a mixture of emotions, she was fiery, quick tempered and vain and had a jealous
streak that ran through her and who could blame her? No real choice of husband for her, she wanted to marry Robert Dudley, but royal duties and her heart's desire were not compatible and in the end she chose not to marry.

Was jealousy the reasons for Elizabeth anger against Catherine marriage? Did she ask herself why her cousin should be able to marry for love and without her permission, and have a son and heir too.

Whilst in the Tower of London Catherine Grey gave birth to another son which enraged Elizabeth even more causing her to order Catherine's separation from Seymour and younger son. Catherine, although released from the tower was
never really free, for a while she was in the care of her uncle Sir John Grey. After being in the care of two more 'jailers' she died aged twenty seven in 1568.

What of Catherine's sons?

Elizabeth refused to recognise Catherine's marriage as valid or to recognise Catherine's two boys as legitimate therefore Edward, the baby in the miniature was passed over as Elizabeth's heir.

Execution of a Favourite.

8/5/2016

Death of Sir Robert Deveraux

On the 25th of February 1601 Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, was executed for treason. He was a soldier and politician and one of Queen Elizabeth I's favourites. This made no difference to the queen when it came to signing his death warrant, she showed no regret in executing Essex like she had fourteen years earlier with the execution of her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots.

Elizabeth knew Essex very well, at the peak of their friendship she had lavished gifts and lands on him for he appealed to
her flirtatious nature. He could be charming, he was handsome and intelligent and in 1586 he had been the queens constant companion, so much so that one of his servants is said to have remarked

"my lord is at cardes or one game or another with her, that he commeth not to his owne lodginge tyll the birdes
singe in the morninge"

But there was another side to Essex, he could be argumentative, moody, difficult and very impulsive. It was this last fault that lead, eventually, to his death. Being the queens favourite had caused divisions, some courtiers gathered under Robert Cecil and others under Devereux. Elizabeth tried hard to calm the tension within her court but Essex was all prestige and glory, charging around the court full of self importance. He had returned from Ireland without permission and later bust into the queens bedchamber whilst she was dressing and at one time, during an argument, drawn his sword on her. His arrogance caused him to take no advice from his friends, he overstepped the mark once to often.

Devereux was interrogated in the Tower of London and then confined elsewhere. It was during this confinement that his
ideas of a 'military coup' were probably planned. He later put his plans into action leading over two hundred soldiers through London. He was captured and interrogated again but this time his crimes brought him into the courtroom at Westminster Hall on the 19th February. He was accused of high treason, found guilty and sentenced to death, his death warrant signed the next day.

Four days later the Earl of Essex, climbed the scaffold and famously said:

“My sins are more in number than the hairs on my head. I have bestowed my youth in wantonness, lust and uncleanness;
I have been puffed up with pride, vanity and love of this wicked world’s pleasures. For all which, I humbly beseech my Saviour Christ to be a mediator to the eternal Majesty for my pardon, especially for this my last sin, this great, this bloody, this crying, this infectious sin, whereby so many for love of me have been drawn to offend God, to offend their sovereign, to offend the world. I beseech God to forgive it us, and to forgive it me – most wretched of all.”

In the courtyard of Tower Green, only a small gathering watched as Essex's head was separated from his body.

He was later buried at the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula.

Anne Boleyn meeting with Matthew Parker

28/4/2016

In the last week of April 1536 Anne Boleyn met with her chaplain, Matthew Parker. According to Parker, Anne had asked him to look after her daughter, the Princess Elizabeth.

In this illustration entitled Anne Boleyn Commending the Princess Elizabeth to the care of Matthew Parker, we can see that Anne Boleyn is standing in front of a portrait of Henry VIII, she is holding a book of prayer and seems to be lecturing Parker, who is kissing the hand of Princess Elizabeth.

Two young women watch from behind a half open door in background, who do they represent? Ladies in waiting who actually cared for Ann or those whose idol gossip cost Ann here life?

Before the end of April, all the men suspected of being involved with Ann had been arrested including her brother George.

Ann was unaware of the charges being brought against them, did she, I wonder, have any idea at this point in time of the seriousness of the situation?